An analysis of Fast Freeze Foods Ltd

Introduction Strategic management and planning are concepts that have become conventional applications in the management of any organization. Strategic management plays an important role in formulating strategies that will enable the organization to develop and sustain practices that will enable the organization to achieve its goals and targets and more so to anticipate the future.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on An analysis of Fast Freeze Foods Ltd specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, in its nature, strategic management requires cooperation and liaison from all levels of the organization from the top-level management to the factory floor managers. In addition, strategic management has adopted ways and means of gaining control of the supply chain, whereby management goes beyond the factory and managers begin managing suppliers and distributors of the product. John is the general manager of Fast Freeze Foo ds Ltd and this task is a challenge he has to face. This paper focuses on the successes of his management in managing the performance of the company to ensure success in such a turbulent industry as the company is operating. Nature of operations In understanding the nature of operations that occur within the company, this paper chooses to focus its attention to the internal environments that characterize the organization. The aspects of internal environment that are of importance in this study are the technological, management, marketing and the physical resources (Christensen, 1997). The first important aspect of the organization is its board of directors. The organization’s board of directors consists of individuals with concrete management skills in their respective capacities. The factory manager, John has vast experience in the factory management given the long period of time he has worked with the company. Secondly, the marketing manager has shown his extemporary capabi lities through his work in marketing which has given the company a hedge over its competitors who unlike the company, rely on the open market for selling their products (Bandrowski, 1990). The management of the company is strong and efficient thus giving the company an added advantage. In addition to strong management, the company has an advanced processing machine, i.e. the blanching machine that has improved the company’s ability to satisfy customer quality demands.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, the company has a competitive advantage over the competitors whose technology appears more primitive compared to that of Fast Freeze Foods Ltd. Another strength that this company enjoys is that it has gained control over the supply chain enabling it to control its source of raw materials (Bandrowski, 1990). Additionally, the company enjoys an efficient commu nication system with the customers and therefore, it is able to know the customers’ requirements and tailor the products to suit the customers’ needs. Despite all strengths that the company enjoys, several weaknesses face the company. Chief among the weaknesses is the fact that the company lacks enough capacity. This means that the company is unable to meet short run increases in demand and therefore it stands the chance of losing some of its customers (Christensen, 1997). Again, the factory experiences some internal inefficiency that result to the wastage of processing time. Main stages in the processing The first step in the processing involves feeding the pods into the segregation batches, which have three lines. The first and third lines have a capacity of twelve tones per hour while the second has a capacity of ten tones per hour. The peas go into bulky feeders up to the weighing belt then to the ‘pod and stick machine’ where they are cleaned by remov ing the pods and other extraneous substances. The peas loose approximately 10% of the weight and another 10% is lost when converting these clean peas to frozen peas. At this stage, the segregation of batches is important since it enables the separation of grades. The next step is blanching. This step comprises of small hoppers known as ‘scacos’ which enhance the smooth flow of the peas into the blanchers. The batching process includes heating the peas for approximately 90 seconds at 980c.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on An analysis of Fast Freeze Foods Ltd specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next step entails a cooling process followed by a quality analysis of the peas. It involves sampling of the cooled peas and determining the quantity of the starch present in the peas. The next step involves freezing whereby the peas are fed to three freezers with a capacity of 10, 7.5, and 10 tons per hour res pectively. The freezers lower the temperature of peas to levels below 180c before they are emptied to bulk pallet containers, each of about one tone capacity. The final stage in the processing involves packaging and labeling the peas for traceability before they are transported to the cool store. The three main processes are cleaning of the peas to remove unwanted materials, blanching process and the freezing process. Design effective capacity The first important step, segregation, is carried out in equipment, which have an operating capacity of 12 tons for line 1 and 3 and 10 tons for line 2. Cumulatively, this is the operating capacity of 34 tons an hour. The operating capacity (design capacity) is equal to the effective capacity and therefore at this stage, the factory is operating at full capacity. In the second step, blanching, it is assumed that its operating capacity is the same as the operating capacity of the preceding step. The first and third blanching machines have a ca pacity of12 ton each while the second machine has a capacity of 10 tons. However, the effective capacity of these is 9.6 tons for 1 and 3 and 8 tons for machine 2. This is because of the 20% loss in weight the peas loose in stage one. Therefore, the blanching machines are operating below capacity by 2.4 tons for the first and third machines and 2 tons for the second machine. The design capacity of the freezers is 10 tons per hour for freezer 1 and 3 and 7.5 tons per hour for freezer 2. However, the supposed effective capacity for the freezers to ensure efficiency in the process is 9.6 tons for freezers 1 and 3 and 8 tons for freezer 2.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This shows that freezer 1and 3 operate under their capacity while freezer 2 is operate at its capacity but does not service its requirement. All factors held constant, the efficiency of the firm’s operations is 98.9% Graphical presentations: Figure 1: Stage-by-stage actual output compared with designed output. Figure 2: cumulative design capacity compare to effective capacity. Figure one shows a stage-by-stage analysis of the effectiveness of the operations. From the graph, it is clear that the stage two and three are experiencing inefficiencies whereby the capacity of the firm is underutilized except for stage three where freezer 2 is designed below capacity. Figure 2 gives an overall picture of the design capacity and the effective capacity where, generally speaking, the company is operating below capacity. Summary and Conclusions The first problem that John has to address is dealing with the supplier who has gained a better bargaining power through the operation of the w ork groups. The company needs to find a means of having absolute control over the raw materials, which might be purchasing the farms. Secondly, the design capacity of the factory will need to be increased especially that of the segregation lines and freezer 2. This will enable the factory to run at its full capacity without lags or excess. Lastly, the management will need to address the aspect of employee turnover since it enhances a low output of the firm-inefficiency. This may include automation of some processes, which will enable the firm to retain most of its employees. Reference List Bandrowski, J., 1990. Corporate Imagination Plus. New York: Free Press. Christensen, C., 1997. The Innovator’s Dilemma. Boston: Harvard Business School  Press. 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Free Essays on HP Amazon

Amazon.com is an online retail company that sells books, toys, CDs, DVDs electro-domestic equipment and many other products. Its services are primarily directed towards the consumer – the individual who goes online and uses the Amazon.com site in order to find a product. Since 1999 HP has been a main component in Amazon.com’s IT infrastructure, the tremendous success of which is partially due to its very high availability record. So when the company decided to expand its data warehouse to meet current and future growth, they naturally came to their trusted partner, HP. But there is much more to this story. At Amazon.com the data warehouse is the center point of all its data – including order, client and stock data – that supports the user’s analysis. Consequently, the data warehouse is connected to almost all of the company’s systems. Two large HP Superdome servers are at the heart of Amazon.com’s data warehouse. Each Superdome executes a large Oracle database. One of these is used by the assembly area and is connected to 17 Virtual Array 7100s. This server prepares the data so that it can be used in reports. The second Superdome is the data warehouse itself and is connected to 39 Virtual Array 7100s. Amazon.com currently has 100 processors in the Superdome to attend to its present necessities, though with I/O for additional growth. When selecting the storage for its data warehouse, Amazon.com had three important criteria: a competitive price per terabyte, capacity to move large I/O fluxes and a high level of availability. The front-end of the data warehouse at Amazon.com is a collection of Linux HP LT6000 servers with an Intel base. The Linux system supports our extraction, transformation and carriage processing as well as supporting the User’s Interface. As the performance of its data warehouse is the base of its service-level contract with its final users, Amazon.com measures and monitors its perfo... Free Essays on HP Amazon Free Essays on HP Amazon Amazon.com is an online retail company that sells books, toys, CDs, DVDs electro-domestic equipment and many other products. Its services are primarily directed towards the consumer – the individual who goes online and uses the Amazon.com site in order to find a product. Since 1999 HP has been a main component in Amazon.com’s IT infrastructure, the tremendous success of which is partially due to its very high availability record. So when the company decided to expand its data warehouse to meet current and future growth, they naturally came to their trusted partner, HP. But there is much more to this story. At Amazon.com the data warehouse is the center point of all its data – including order, client and stock data – that supports the user’s analysis. Consequently, the data warehouse is connected to almost all of the company’s systems. Two large HP Superdome servers are at the heart of Amazon.com’s data warehouse. Each Superdome executes a large Oracle database. One of these is used by the assembly area and is connected to 17 Virtual Array 7100s. This server prepares the data so that it can be used in reports. The second Superdome is the data warehouse itself and is connected to 39 Virtual Array 7100s. Amazon.com currently has 100 processors in the Superdome to attend to its present necessities, though with I/O for additional growth. When selecting the storage for its data warehouse, Amazon.com had three important criteria: a competitive price per terabyte, capacity to move large I/O fluxes and a high level of availability. The front-end of the data warehouse at Amazon.com is a collection of Linux HP LT6000 servers with an Intel base. The Linux system supports our extraction, transformation and carriage processing as well as supporting the User’s Interface. As the performance of its data warehouse is the base of its service-level contract with its final users, Amazon.com measures and monitors its perfo...

Standards as Reform Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Standards as Reform Paper - Essay Example The need to reform education was mainly instigated due to the rapidly falling levels of academic achievement. However, the field of education was education was undoubtedly more effective prior to the implementation of standards. It is true that many people educated up to the eighth standard in many school districts had a better education than those who have graduated from high school in recent years. Many of the nation’s great thinkers such as Abraham Lincoln, Newton have not received any formal education but have made the biggest inventions ever. Earlier the education system was based the theory that some students are smarter than the other and assessment was done on the basis of comparative analysis of one student to another. The main aim of this system was to present the knowledge and skills of the older generation to the new generation. In this system, the content subject matter used to vary with different group of students.

Global Fashion Industry with a Focus on Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton Essay

Global Fashion Industry with a Focus on Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton - Essay Example The essay "Global Fashion Industry with a Focus on Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton" examines the industry of fashion. The company owns over sixty brands and some of them, like Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin (1772), Chateau d'Yquem (1593), , Guerlain in 1829, Louis Vuitton (1854), Hennessy (1765), Moà «t et Chandon (1743) the have been in the market since the past two centuries (McCrone, 2006). It operates 5 different category of products including wines and spirits, fashion and leather goods, perfumes and cosmetics, watches and jewelry, and selective retailing. LV had been following a strategy of innovation, differentiation and strategic mergers to become a market leader in the fashion industry (Lent, Tour and Perrin, 2009). The company offers exclusivity and high quality and is driven by the motto of attention to detail to deliver the best quality. It follows a policy of developing a brand image that is shared across its brands and supported by all the activities undertaken by the company. T his report contains an analysis of the macro environment (using PESTEL framework) for the global fashion industry to assess the threats and opportunities that an organization like LV may face. It also contains a micro analysis or industry analysis of the fashion industry to evaluate the business environment and the challenges that LV faces. Finally, an internal strength and weakness analysis is conducted to assess how the strengths of LV can be used to capture the opportunities proffered by the macro and the micro environment., and what it needs to do to overcome its weaknesses in order to combat the threats posed by its business environment.   Finally, the report discusses the current strategy of LV in the light of the SWOT analysis and makes appropriate recommendations.    PESTEL Analysis    Political Environment The fashion industry has seen a revolution in terms of its penetration and reach across the diverse cultures and markets globally (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009). The advent of globalization and liberalization of economies across the world have made it possible for products from one end of the globe to be displayed and bought at the other end. The fashion industry too has seen a rapid proliferation across the borders owing to the political liberalization and increased acceptance of the Western lifestyle by the growing middle class in the developing countries (Kotler and Keller, 2011). The political liberalization on one hand has made it possible for brands like LV to be sold across diverse regions like China, India, Brazil and Africa, while on the other hand there has been an increased political activism at the grassroots level in several countries against high fashion and the trend of consumerism (British Standards Institution, 2011). Foreign brands, especially the luxury brands are often the target of censure and attacks in countries where movements are under way or where there is widespread resistance to liberalization. It can be seen that whi le there is scope for international expansion, there is also a need to understand the local sentiments and culture so that the brands can become acceptable and likable internationally.    Economic Environment The recent financial crisis of 2008-2009 saw the fashion industry too see a slow down in sales and business. Large and popular organizations like the Australian Hrringbone and Centro have posted large losses during the crisis period. In addition to loss of revenues, there was also a potent impact on the trends in the fashion –

Peer pressure on children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Peer pressure on children - Research Paper Example According to (Perkins, P.178), children associate with group due different factors such as companionship and to be associated by a specific group. Similar factors which include seeking attention from parent and peers, companionship, to rebel against parents and due to personal attributes have been stated by Zolten and Long (P. 1). Others join groups for fear of segregation, to bond with friends to avoid ridicule and to feel adequate. The main reason why children follow their peers is due to lack of relationship between them and their parents, relatives and guiding institutions such as religion organization (Perkins, P.179). According Okorodudu (P. 34), teenagers spend most of their time with their peers while less time is spent with people that have positive impact on them such teachers, parents, counselors and relatives (Okorodudu, P. 34). Peer pressure is capable of influencing people’s behavior. Peer pressure has both positive and negative impacts on children but in most ca ses negative impacts outweighs the positive impact. Children are uncomfortable with the Negative peer pressure but they still do what their peers advices them. The negative impacts of peer pressure include drug abuse and engaging in risky activities (Philip Morris USA, P.5). The risk sexual activities can lead sexual transmitted diseases, early pregnancy, teenage motherhood and school dropout. According to peer pressure can have short term as well as long term effect on academic performance (Black, Devereux and Salvanes, P. 3). Ortiz (2012) also stated that negative impacts of peer pressure are addiction to illegal drugs, stealing, missing school, smoking cigarettes and taking... From the beginning of the paper, the issue and solution of the problem is discussed. Almost all children are affected by peer pressure at some point in their lives and in most cases parents are not able to protect their parents from peer pressure (Zolten and Long, P. 2). However, parents can play a big role in reducing the impact of negative peer pressure by establishing a strong bond with their children, talking to them about peer pressure and its impact, seeking to know their children’s friends rather than criticizing them, recognizing their effort and teaching them how to be independent. This research paper focuses on the point that there is a lot of information in regard to causes and effects of peer pressure. The study will seek to bridge the existing gaps on how to reduce the impact of negative peer pressure on children. The research focuses on such questions as what are the negative effects of peer pressure in children and teenagers? What are the causes of peer pressure in children and teenagers? How can parents help their children and teenagers overcome the negative impactsof peer pressure? To what extent does positive family relationship impacts adolescents’ behavior and reaction to negative peer pressure? In conclusion, this study proposes a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to investigate how to reduce the impact of negative peer pressure on children. Random questioners will be issued to various groups including parents, teenagers, religion leaders and teachers.

History and Development of Clothes Irons

History and Development of Clothes Irons 1.0 Introduction The report thoroughly examines the development and history of cloths irons and investigate of the materials used. The purpose of this report is to describe and examine the function and special features of this appliance. And, to identify the social, environmental, sustainability and cultural implications that have arisen from the development. Further exploring the use of this type of appliance with so to classify the materials used. A clothes iron also known as a flat iron, or smoothing iron, is a household appliance used to smoothen out the crinkles out of and creases into clothes. 1.1 History of Iron The history of the cloths iron advanced from in the 1st century. First iron developed with metal pans filled with boiling water were initially used in China during that period. Empire-era Romans had several tools like the modern iron. This flat metal mallet was used to hit clothes. The creases were removed by the pounding. Around the fifteenth century, an enhancement over the flatiron was presented. The hot box was made of a hollow metal box with a smooth bottom and a grip. Inside, hot coals, or some other heating element were placed. In the late 1800s, gas irons came into existence. Households had separate gas lines, and the gas iron was hooked up to the gas line by a pipe. The iron contained a burner to which the gas ran. When the burner was lit, the iron intensified. These irons were usuallyiron heated with oil, gasoline, and other fuels. Later, throughout the 1880s when electricity was later becoming extensive accessible in regular households. The very initial development of plug-in iron was by Henry W. Seeley in 1882. This was attached to an electrical source by removable cables. Electricity from the source stimulated the irons interior coils. The irons were heated on a stand which had to be reheated frequently. There was no way of controlling its temperature. One big problem with Seeleys iron was that it heated gradually, and cooled progressively when used. The iron had to be reheated repeatedly. During the 20th century, Thomas Sears invented the first steam iron. Most modern irons are made of metallic and polymer materials, and most have features such as steam, temperature controls, and programable shutoff. High heat of steam provides the ease of removing wrinkles and creases off clothing. 1.3 Impact and Effects The development of iron led to the improvement of minimalise time consumption spent on ironing clothes improving the domestic household by reducing physical labor with the small and compact tool. The improvement of the iron led to new features and improved quality such as allowing vertical steaming, temperature control and etc. Engineers uses the latest materials and manufacturing processes, include a range of features to ensure comfort appearance, safety and ergonomics to the society. Frequent ironing can lead to environmental impacts depicted in society, leading to massive amounts of electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Generally, one iron uses 1000 Watts of energy annually of 3 people, significantly using a substantial amount of energy. Because the demand for electricity is variable throughout the day, its generation is uneven. This produces problems and enhances a financial and environmental cost. 2.0 Description 2.1 Components The iron is functioned when electric voltage is transferred through a coil and it is heated. This heat is then transferred to the soleplate through conduction. Modern irons operate by water transferred into a small transparent water tank and boiled until its indicated it is ready. User can adjust the steaming option with a mechanical button. The blend of heat and pressure removes wrinkles and creases using resistive heating from an electrical current. Ironing works by discharging the bonds between the long-chain polymer particles in the fibers of the material. While the particles are hot, the fibers are flattened by the mass of the iron, and they grasp their new form as they calm Modern Iron consists of: Sole Plate: Its made with molten aluminum. This is placed in a mold where holes are made. Then its pressure, cooled, and released. Aluminum allows corrosion not to occur. It is polished, layered with a non-stick material making it stainless. Thermostat: In mold, a small metal post is made. A spring is made onto it. This spring is completed of two different metals. The spring controls the irons temperature. Power contacts are connected to the spring, which then the electricity is allowed through so the iron can be heated. Housing and Handle: In a mold, the heated plastic is inserted into a mold under pressure, cooled, and released. The heating element: This is between the sole plate and cover plate. The heating element consists of nichrome wire wound around a sheet of mica. The two ends of the nichrome wire are connected to the contact strips. The contact strips are connected to the terminals of the iron. Mica is a very good insulating material and can also endure very high temperature 2.2 Production When all the components are mass-produced, the iron is completed on a computerised production line. The sole plate is the first part on the assembly line. The thermostat is screwed then to the plate by automaton machinery. To the sole plate-thermostat subassembly, the water tank is set together. It is secured with mechanical robots with attachments, Grip and frame is linked over the sole plate, thermostat and water tank, and secured by bolts. Electrical cord is the last piece to be added. After robotic testing procedure, the irons are examined by hand. Finished irons are packed into separate boxes with instructions and other documents. 2.3 FEATURES Modern irons have various features: Auto Shutoff Automatically turned off when left idle its heel for 8 minutes Anti-drip Prevents leaks when the iron is not hot enough to steam. Anti-calcium Allows self-cleaning. A valve that acts as a filter that you need to be clean from time to time. This prevents the built-up of calcium built-up due to hardness of water. Temperature Control Adjust the temperature on types of materials: silk, wool, cotton, linen, etc. Cord Control The point at which the cord attaches to the iron and has a spring to hold the cord out of the way when ironing, this prevents fires and provides more convenience. 3.0 Analysis The three main materials used in the clothes iron and the engineering properties of each are: Materials Advantages Disadvantages Thermosetting Polymer (Outer Cover) Allow easy cleaning on the smooth surface Reduced weight Cheap and inexpensive Insulator remains cool when operated in elevated temperature of heat High toxicity and flammability Low strength Non-biodegradable Ceramics (Components) Inexpensive Stable at elevated temperatures Good electrical insulators Weak in tension. Poor shock resistance. Molten Aluminum (Sole plate) Non-corrosive Prevention of rusting Stainless metal Recyclable Resistant to elevated temperature use Expensive Vulnerable when scratched Comparison between the early and late model: Early Model Later Model Steel fittings Cast iron base Polymer- Bakelite electrical fittings Copper- electrical wire Cloth- electrical insulation Heated by wood fire or other gases Stainless steel base Aluminum Polymer Polymer PVC electrical insulation Copper electrical wire Ceramic electronic components Heated by electric element 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION A feature I would improve on the iron is the sole plate. An improved and better coating would be invented that can be more resistant and tough from damage as zippers or other protrusions on clothing to can damage the sole plate. And reduce the dragging over and on the textile material when using the iron making it smoother to utilise. These enhancements and development can be found in the factor of better alloys or better nonstick coatings. With the innovations advancement of inventions of technologies, materials and component has been advanced and hence better quality. The early model utilises wood and other gases to power the iron whilst in comparison now into the contemporary modern day society it enhances on electrical power to rely on. Metal was used in the ancient periods but in present society polymer is handled to which creates an insubstantial light-weighted product and thus extremely convenient and accessible on daily lives in society. 5.0 APPENDIX References Information About the Electric Iron Invention: How an Electric Iron Works. Bright HubEngineering: Articles, News Industry, Information Written for Engineers. NP/NDWeb. 18 March 2017. Bright Hub Engineering. 2010. The Invention of the Electric Iron. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/consumer-appliances-electronics/64941-the-invention-of-the-electric-iron/. [Accessed 18 March 2017]. MOHD HAZUAN BIN MOHD ZAWAWI. 2010. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL IRON USING BOOTHROYD DEWHURST DFMA METHODOLOGY. [ONLINE] Available at: http://eprints.utem.edu.my/2985/1/Design_And_Analysis_Of_Electrical_Iron_Using_Boothroyd_Dewhurst_DFMA_Methodology_-_24_pages.pdf. [Accessed 18 March 2017]. Eric Benac. 2010. Who Invented the Pressing Iron? [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ehow.com/about_5113872_invented-pressing-iron.html. [Accessed 18 March 2017]. How clothes iron is made material, history, used, parts, components, product, machine, History, Raw Mcaterials. 2017. How clothes iron is made material, history, used, parts, components, product, machine, History, Raw Mcaterials. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Clothes-Iron.html. [Accessed 17 March 2017]. _History and Theory of Ironing_. 2017. _History and Theory of Ironing_. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.jitterbuzz.com/ironing_history.html. [Accessed 17 March 2017]. History of steam iron. 2017. History of steam iron. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.steamiron.info/storiaferrostiro.htm. [Accessed 17 March 2017]. Smoothing Iron 1882 MagLab. 2017. Smoothing Iron 1882 MagLab. [ONLINE] Available at: https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/museum/smoothing-iron. [Accessed 17 March 2017]

Four Dead in Ohio :: essays papers

"Four Dead in Ohio" On Thursday, April 30, 1970, President Richard Nixon told the American people that we were sending troops into Cambodia. This upset many Americans because Nixon was brought into office due to his promise to end the war. In his first year of presidency it looked like the end of the war was near, but with this announcement the end of the war was not evident. This pro-war decision by Nixon upset many people and led to riots all over the country. How could the President make the decision to continue war when he promised to end it? Among the riots caused by Nixon’s decision were revolts at many universities, such as Kent State. Young students were upset because they were the ones being drafted and the sooner the war ended the less chance they had of seeing war. On Friday, May 1,1970 anti-war rallies began to take place at Kent State University. Students gathered and burned a copy of the constitution. Also many riots broke out in downtown Kent. The extent of the damage done in Kent was estimated at fifteen thousand dollars. Upon learning about these problems the mayor, Leroy Satrom, called a state of emergency and contacted Governor James Rhodes for assistance. On May second, the ROTC building at Kent State was burnt down during a protest. The next step was calling in the National Gaurd as ordered by the Governor. The national guard helped on campus by seeing that the new eleven o’clock p.m. curfew was followed by all students. This caused more anger among the students, and added more peopl e to the rebellion that would otherwise not have become involved. On May 4th 1970, when rallies surfaced again in the commons area, tear gas was used to disperse the crowd. The conflict between students and the National Guard had begun to expand, and the cursing and rock throwing were increasing the tension in the air. The Guard ordered the students to retreat and as the crowds began to break up, it appeared the Guard was also retreating. Then shots were heard. The Guard for reasons unknown had to turn back and open fire at a crowd of students. Within thirteen seconds, four students were dead and nine wounded. One student who was killed was Allison Krause, who had been the only one of the four killed that was actually involved in the demonstrations.